Chronic Illness On Person And Environment - 1952 Words

Sickle Cell Anemia Patricia A. Walton HCS 331 Psychosocial Impact of Chronic Illness on Person and Environment Professor Alayna Defalco June 14, 2015 â€Å"Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of blood cells caused by a genetic defect of the beta-globin chain of adult hemoglobin (HbA). The mutant forms of hemoglobin are sickle hemoglobin (HbS) because HbS polymerizes in deoxygenated blood, causing red blood cells to form a sickle shape. Normal hemoglobin has a biconcave disc shape that allows for maximum transportation of oxygen† (George, Mitchell, Mitchell, Eason, Fuh, Embse, 2014). The unpredictable, recurrent, fatal nature of SCD illness difficulties indicates an extremely complicated illness for parents to handle. Parents live with constant concern, a limited social life, and a major obligation to shelter their children from ecological stimuli. â€Å"In the Igbo community in Nigeria a study was performed and people with SCD symptoms are more likely to be viewed as malevolent. People affected by HIV/AIDS have been stigmatized in Canada because of the illness’s perceived high risk pf contagion, its incurable medical status, and its perceived links with marginalized groups in society. These factors are relevant to SCD because it is an incurable illness and predominantly affects racial and ethnic minority groups.†(Jenerette, Coretta, Brewer, Cheryl, 2010). According to Jenerette, Coretta, Brewer, Cheryl (2010), â€Å"The reliability of young AfricanShow MoreRelatedChronic Diseases Are The Leading Cause Of Death And Disability1586 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the World health organization , chronic diseases take the lives of more than 30 million people each year and are defined as an illness that is long in duration, slow in progression and is not passed from person to person. For Australia alone chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and disability. The Australian department of healths defining factors of chronic disease include, illness that is prolonged in duration, rarely cured completely and disease that does not often resolveRead MoreOvercoming Barriers : Hmong Culture917 Words   |  4 PagesOvercoming Barriers: Hmong Culture For many Hmong people, immigrating to the United States of America is a large form of stress as it involves adapting to new cultures and new environments. In the documentary, the Split Horn, a Hmong shaman and his family immigrates to the United States to pursue a better life for themselves. The immense change from living in the countryside of Laos to moving to Wisconsin, America affects the family greatly. As the Hmong shaman tries to preserve his ancient traditionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Physical Illness1287 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Stress on Physical Illness Stress is an example of a behavior and experience explained in physiological and psychological terms. Recently, awareness has been heightened concerning the harmful effects of stress and how it can be successfully managed and prevented. Stults-Kolehmainen (2013) definition of stress focuses on some kind of force or mental pressure exerted upon an individual. Often, stress is often associated with anxiety, strain, tension, distress and fatigue (Childs de-WitRead MoreEssay On Home Health Care1710 Words   |  7 Pagesborn with a severely weak immune system. A person like this is in constant paranoia because the risk of getting sick with pulmonary disease/infection is extremely high and their life expectancy may be lower than someone with a ‘normal’ or healthy immune system. Moving In and out of hospitals is now a way of life for them. The average person does not have to deal with such burdens; but, for a person living with diseases such as cystic fibrosis or a person un dergoing chemotherapy, it is a daily realityRead MoreWhy The Nurse Interacts With A Family Managing A Chronic Illness1302 Words   |  6 Pageswith a family managing a chronic illness. The nurse must consider the structure of the family and how they interact while also identifying how the family and individual with the chronic condition, manage their condition. They must identify any risk factors that may impede their ability to manage their chronic condition or protective factors that improve their abilities to self manage. An analysis of the developmental stage the family or individual along with the stage of illness they are experiencingRead MoreEpidemiology Is The Foundation Of Public Health Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent groups of people and why. Various factors contribute towards the incidence of chronic disease, as identified with the development of the advanced model of the triangle of epidemiology. The triad comprises of an outer agent, a vulnerable host and a setting that brings the host and agent together (CDC, 2012). In this model, disease results from the relations between the agent and the vulnerable host in an environment that promotes the transmission of the agent from a source to that host. DiseaseRead MoreAn Effective Nursing Communication Intervention1490 Words   |  6 Pagesbecomes the fastest growing chronic condition in Australia among all other chronic illness such as heart disease or cancer. Although T1DM cannot be prevented or cured at the present as the exact cause of the disease is not yet fully understood, it can be managed with insulin injections or insulin pump (Diabetes Australia, 2015). However, a person with Down Syndrome (DS) and moderate intellectual disability (ID) will face more health challenges managing his chronic illness than those without ID or geneticRead MoreUnderstanding Health And Health Promotion1348 Words   |  6 Pagesis all encompassing, meaning that it is not merely defined by the absence of d isease, but rather it is a combination of factors that contribute to a sense of well-being. Doctor Margaret Newman’s wellness-illness continuum (2003) defines health on a spectrum, with wellness at one end and illness at the other. This concept is one-dimensional and views health negatively, such that if an individual isn’t well, they are ill (Hall, Perry, Potter Stockert, 2014). Viewing health positively encompassesRead MoreImportance of Theory Paper1381 Words   |  6 Pagesmade of 4 components: person, health, environment and nursing. The purpose of the theory is to promote adaptation. Adaptation will occur when people respond to environmental changes and it’s the process or outcome of an individual’s awareness and self- reflection. Nursing’s metaparadigm is similar to Roy’s Adaptation Theory key concepts. A person is a biological being in constant interaction with a changing environment. The person uses mechanisms to adapt. People or persons are individuals, familiesRead MoreMental Health Nursing Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesof how suffering, disease, and illness can be associated by many factors seen at the different levels in society and the medical sciences (source). Caring for each component is important to the healing process. In mental health nursing, as stated above, mental illnesses can affect the physical biological health of the body (same above source). A person may not know they are sick pending they are triggered by their environmental. For example, stressful environments like workplace settings can and

Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights - 1215 Words

Emily Bronte grew up in an oppressive society, being forced to learn in her own home and dealing with the deaths in her family, she felt the need to take control. In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, emphasis on the mistreatment of woman and the issue of control present themselves symbiotically. In the novel, the main female Catherine and the main character Heathcliff simultaneously unleash their darkest inner conflicts through various displays. Throughout the novel, it is evident that there exists a negative light on women when they are portrayed as immature, childish, and overly dramatic. The novel seems to reveal the repression of woman and control in male-dominated society. Ms. Bronte clearly expresses her personal opinion on feminism†¦show more content†¦Catherine even reveals to Nelly that her love for Linton is temporary and false, whereas her love for Heathcliff is as eternal as â€Å"the rocks beneath† (70). Her decision shows her naivety, therefore de monstrating the destructive features of the women of the time. Although Catherine represents the naà ¯ve and flimsy qualities of women, Bronte also uses other characters to represent the positive characteristics, the second type of woman. Isabella Linton, though committing mistakes and being overdramatic, demonstrates courage and free will. She does not follow the same guidelines the other women in this novel follow, instead Isabella is headstrong on her decision to marry Heathcliff, a man of lower class, despite his reasoning. She does not realize that Heathcliff is only married to her for revenge against Edward and Catherine and as she is warned by Catherine she remains stubborn and refuses to listen. You would think that would make Isabella naà ¯ve as well but what makes Isabella strong is that she eventually realizes how abusive and incredibly horrible Heathcliff is to her and decides to leave him. She then raises her son, Linton, throughout her sickness, by herself, until her death. This, again, shows Isabella’s strong will as she clings on to her life to take care of her child rather than send him to live with his father. This makes Isabella a prime example of the strong, positive

Business and Government Agencies Essay Example For Students

Business and Government Agencies Essay Business and Government AgenciesThe primary focus of my topic is three fold, first if a high rankingofficial from a firm were to become the Director of an agency and his formercompany is asking for approval of a drug, how should the Director act in regardto this rulemaking? The second question is not a difficult, if a former Directorwere to assume a position at a firm asking for approval of a drug, how shouldthe former directors position influence the decisions of the agency? Finally howcould government regulation limit the potential conflicts of interest from theRevolving Door?The first scenario answer is both ethics and law based. It would beunethical for the Director to have any influence what so ever in thiscircumstance. Realistically the Director would have probably at least aninfluence to the degree that those who work for him would at least try and guesshis desire for the outcome, at worst he would directly or indirectly tell them. Probably at this point no procedural rules have been breached. This is of courseonly if the director has not tried to influence the Administrative Law Judge inwhich case many legal issues could be raised, more on that in question three. Back to the ethics involved, it would be very important if the Director were totry and be ethical about the issue he/she should give the appearance of ethicalprocedure. One way this could be done is that a recommendation could be maderulemaking be in a formal format. In addition she/he should be very careful tolimit ex parte contacts between himself and his former business associates. Under no circumstance should the Director have conversation of any natureinvolving this case. Under the circumstance that the drug was or was notapproved, the case could go before Judicial review, there any appearance ofunethical behavior could not only be be evidence to support a plaintiffs claims,and even case a de novo review, but even worst it could be food for the mediaand a public scandal. The second question if the director were to leave and become a superiorfor a firm. I dont see this as a big threat, the new director would have hisnew alliances. It would seem like any influence that the former director wouldhave would have to be kept to a minimum in order to preserve the rulemakingunder the circumstance that the findings were on the firms behalf. As a companyrepresentative he should not personally make ex parte contacts with the agencyand obviously not approach the ALJ. The government control over the behavior described above is done throughvarious ways. The first way is to keep the final decision maker in regard to theagencies findings, the ALJ, separate from the mainstream agency. The is inaccordance with the procedural rules as outlined in the Administrative ProcedureAct (APA). The situation of ex parte contacts or meetings which are off therecord are a problem. They are primarily demonstrated in the format of informalrulemaking, so it would be a good policy to make high profile cases goodsituations to place on the formal rulemaking track. Another controllinginfluence is the three acts which impose public scrutiny of the agenciesbehavior during rulemaking. The freedom of information act, the government isresponsible to disclose specific records to the public on request. TheGovernment in Sunshine Act, here every portion of every meeting that is headedby a collegial body is open to public observation. The Regulatory FlexibilityAct of 1980, If a new regulation has a significant influence on small businessan analysis is done to determine if the financial burden out weighs the benefits. .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .postImageUrl , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:hover , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:visited , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:active { border:0!important; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:active , .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0 .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0486feae31978ae739ff39bc2a5a47c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wed searching behaviour of students EssayIf so then less costly alternatives are given. The two cases of the Director are extreme, in truth individuals of lesspower but sometimes more influence to the actual findings, for example an ALJ,may be a more common occurrence. The government has went to some lengths toprotect society from insider manipulations but I feel in truth it is common andfor the most part because of the power of Agencies not preventable. It isperhaps the constant attention that is paid to the Federal Register by Publicgroups and environmentalists which protect us the most. Law

Trifles and symbols Essay Example For Students

Trifles and symbols Essay In the play titled Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, Minnie Foster Wright is being accused of murdering her husband, John. In this production, Mrs. Wright is consistently referenced, and although she is not witnessed, she is very recognizable. There are important symbols in this play that signifies Mrs. Wright and her existence as it once was and as it currently exists to be. Particularly the canary, this symbolizes Mrs. Wrights long forgotten past. Additionally, the birdcage, this symbolizes her life as it currently exists. Certainly the quilt is a symbol, which is an important clue on how Mr. Wright was killed. In addition, the rocking chair, this symbolizes her life as it has diminished throughout the duration of her most recently survived years. Lastly, but not least, the containers of cherry preserves that seem to be a symbol of the warmth and compassion that she has yet to discover in her life. Every one of these symbolizes and characterizes Mrs. Wrights character and her existence in the play. The canary and the birdcage are symbolic to Mrs. Wrights life in the way that the bird represents her, and the cage represents her life and the way she was made to live. Mrs. We will write a custom essay on Trifles and symbols specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hale compares the canary that she and Mrs. Peters discover to Mrs. Wright, when Mrs. Hale refers to Mrs. Wright as kind of like a bird herselfreal sweet and pretty, but kind of timid andfluttery. Minnie Foster was a distinctly different woman than Minnie Foster Wright, which was, evidently before she and John were married. She dressed appealingly in eye-catching clothing, and was one of the town girls that sang in the choir. While the canary was incredibly lively and sang beautifully, so did Mrs. Foster. John Wright was awfully abusive towards Mrs. Wright, in the means that he required her to live her life comparable to a caged bird. He obtained her freedom from the outside world, in return, explains why she recognized herself in the bird. This explains for the reasoning of their house being far set back into the woods and having no telephone service. She ventured out, only when she was allowed, and assuming that John also did not allow her to have friends, this led to the killing of the canary. The quilt is one major clue as to how Minnie killed her husband. The women were trying to figure out if she was going to sew or not the quilt. Well, Mr. Wright was strangled in a strange manner, just how the knot was messed up in red string. The men laughed it off butt Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters knew what had happened. Mrs. Wright is referred to when Mrs. Hale speaks of her by using her maiden name, when saying I wish youd seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang. The old rocking chair symbolizes Mrs. Wright as she has allowed herself to depreciate, just as the rocking chair has depreciated. The chair sagged to one side, Mrs. Hale stated that the chair was not anything like she remembered, referring to the fact that Mrs. Wright has also changed since she remembered. This demonstrates that Minnie Foster, who was once something to look at, developed into the torn down looking Minnie Wright. It was a detailed task that required hours of difficult labor in the high temperature of the kitchen. She took a great deal of pride in her production because she associated herself with the preserves, as this was the solitary thing in her life that she genuinely cherished. To fill the time in the gloomy household that had become her prison, she canned cherries that would give her a promise of something to look forward to in the cold, crisp winter. When the frigid cold temperatures found Minnie in a jail cell, faraway from her kitchen, and her preserves, she found herself concerned that the jars would freeze up and break. When the coldness positioned it into the house, the jars shattered and produced a sticky mess, comparable to the chaos that she had now placed her life in. Minnie had a trivial amount of .

Psychological Benefits of Exercise essays

Psychological Benefits of Exercise essays The physical benefits of exercise has been the main motivating factor for many people who adopt a regular physical fitness program. Physicians have long known the benefits of regular exercise and a healthy diet, although weight loss or weight management has been a major influence for people who begin a regular exercise program. Many more people, however, are directed by their own physician to become physically active or risk disease and/or possibly death. Regular physical exercise has proven beneficial to cardiovascular health by controlling diabetes, slowing the progression of osteoporosis, lowering high blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, as well as decreasing the chances of contracting colds and flu. While these factors alone are sufficient reasons for a life-long commitment to physical exercise, further developments have been realized in the psychological benefits of exercise. Could exercise possibly have an effect on emotional health and if so what are they? Research has shown that regular exercise provides psychological benefits, which include positive effects on memory and thinking, anxiety and depression, overall emotional well-being, creativity and imagination, and improved mental vigor. Probably the most known benefit of exercise to the human body is the improvements of cardiovascular health. The heart is a muscle that becomes stronger and larger with exercise, enabling it to pump blood through the body more efficiently. Exercise has also been shown to cause the development of new blood vessels in the heart and enlarges the arteries that supply blood to the heart (Landry 1). A healthy diet and regular exercise can also improve cholesterol levels: People who maintain an active lifestyle have a 45% lower risk of developing coronary heart disease than do sedentary people. A recent study reported that moderate dietary changes improve cholesterol levels and so lower the risk for coronary artery disease ...

Uranium Element Facts and Properties

Uranium Element Facts and Properties Uranium is an element well-known for its radioactivity. Here are a collection of facts about the chemical and physical properties of this metal. Uranium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 92 Uranium Atomic Symbol: U Atomic Weight: 238.0289 Electron Configuration: [Rn]7s25f36d1 Word Origin: Named after the planet Uranus Isotopes Uranium has sixteen isotopes. All of the isotopes are radioactive. Naturally-occurring uranium contains approximately 99.28305 by weight U-238, 0.7110% U-235, and 0.0054% U-234. The percentage weight of U-235 in natural uranium depends on its source and may vary by as much as 0.1%. Uranium Properties Uranium generally has a valence of 6 or 4. Uranium is a heavy, lustrous, silvery-white metal, capable of taking a high polish. It exhibits three crystallographic modifications: alpha, beta, and gamma. It is a bit softer than steel; not hard enough to scratch glass. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. When exposed to air, uranium metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids will dissolve the metal, but it is not affected by alkalis. Finely divided uranium metal is attached by cold water and is pyrophoric. Crystals of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium and its (uranyl) compounds are highly toxic, both chemically and radiologically. Uranium Uses Uranium is of great importance as a nuclear fuel. Nuclear fuels are used to generate electrical power, to make isotopes, and to make weapons. Much of the internal heat of the earth is thought to be due to the presence of uranium and thorium. Uranium-238, with a half-life of 4.51 x 109 years, is used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. Uranium may be used to harden and strengthen steel. Uranium is used in inertial guidance devices, in gyro compasses, as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile reentry vehicles, for shielding, and for x-ray targets. The nitrate may be used as a photographic toner. The acetate is used in analytical chemistry. The natural presence of uranium in soils may be indicative of the presence of radon and its daughters. Uranium salts have been used for producing yellow vaseline glass and ceramic glazes. Sources Uranium occurs in minerals including pitchblende, carnotite, cleveite, autunite, uraninite, uranophane, and torbernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, and monazite sands. Radium is always associated with uranium ores. Uranium can be prepared by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, carbon, or aluminum at elevated temperatures. The metal can be produced through electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth Element (Actinide Series) Discovery: Martin Klaproth 1789 (Germany), Peligot 1841 Uranium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.05 Melting Point ( °K): 1405.5 Boiling Point ( °K): 4018 Appearance: Silvery-white, dense, ductile and malleable, radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 138 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 12.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 142 Ionic Radius: 80 (6e) 97 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.115 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.6 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 417 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.38 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 686.4 Oxidation States: 6, 5, 4, 3 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.850 Magnetic Ordering: paramagnetic Electrical Resistivity (0 °C): 0.280  µÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m Thermal Conductivity (300 K): 27.5 W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Expansion (25 °C): 13.9  µm ·m−1 ·K−1 Speed of Sound (thin rod) (20 °C): 3155 m/s Youngs Modulus: 208 GPa Shear Modulus: 111 GPa Bulk Modulus: 100 GPa Poisson Ratio: 0.23 CAS Registry Number: 7440-61-1

The Nursing Care Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Nursing Care Management - Case Study Example When she is stressed, anxious, or having manifestations of manic depression despite having regular medications, extra support from a community nurse is available on the grounds of deterioration of her mental health. In this work, the care of Pat will be analyzed on the basis of the theoretical framework of nursing process where the role of learning disability nurses would be examined as far as clinical governance, ethical issues, and evidence from current research are concerned. This would also include critical analysis of emerging issues and implications on professional practice when it is delivering a care that is person-centred along or in collaboration including therapeutic interventions that are suggested by evidence from research. The planned care would then be critically analyzed and evaluated based on the principles of clinical governance and research evidence. Finally, everything should culminate into learning as far as learning disability nursing is considered. Theoretical framework to provide structure: This is the story of a young woman with learning disability, where her clinical situation has been complicated by detection and diagnosis mental health disorder such as manic depression and other medical disorder. This is a complex process due to her limited vocabulary and insights, and skill deficits. Therefore, the nursing assessment process that would lead ultimately to a care plan would need to include details of her skills and abilities, nature and pattern of behaviour in a diverse range of environments, relationships and understanding of her own emotions and of other people around her. To be able to implement these in practice, a theoretical framework is very necessary. These theoretical frameworks for practice have been derived from nursing theories.... This paper approves that medical history indicating stressors of long-term illness of complex partial seizures, mental illness of manic depression, medications against mental illness and seizures, and learning disabilities. A combination of these would lead to emotional disabilities. Conditions such as these can isolate individual who feels disconnected from others, resulting in difficulty relating in social situations. Presence of visual or hearing impairments are to be noted since presence of these in her case may lead to a situation where she may find communication barriers are increased, social interaction is affected, and interventions need to be designed to promote involvement with others in positive ways. This report makes a conclusion that the nursing care management must take care of the need to establish therapeutic relationship using positive regard for the person, active-listening and providing safe environment for self-disclosure. Client who is having difficulty interacting in social situations needs to feel comfortable and accepted before she is willing to talk about self and concerns. Client needs to learn social skills, because she has never learned the elements of interacting with others in social settings. Role-playing one-on-one is less threatening and can help individual identify with another and practice new social skills. Having client to participate in a controlled group environment, for example Pat and Jim, provides opportunities to try out different behaviours in a built-in social setting where members can make friends and provide mutual advice and comfort. Positive reinforcement for improvement in social behaviours and interactions should be provided since this enco urages continuation of desired behaviours/efforts for change.

HRM1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM1 - Essay Example Management, experts have been able to explain the major difference between the two terminologies: Personnel management is more concerned with the administrative aspect of an organization; that is, payrolling, complying with employment legal issues and managing employees’ administrative concerns; but, Human Resources Management stretched far than that. It includes taking care of employee’s welfare, psychological motivation, training, legal representation, promotion and even relationship among the employees working together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, history has demonstrated that personnel/Human resources Management arose as a result of the dire need to control the human aspect of a business, which appeared to be the most significant area that could being either success  or failure to any organization if it is properly managed or not (Armstrong, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This report will focus majorly on the tasks of Personnel/Human Resources Managers in an organization. Japan Airlines, JAL is used as an organizational case study for which the activities of its Personnel/Human Resources Managers would be analyzed and dissected. The findings are compared with the common theories about Human Resources Management. The comparisons and contrasts are laid out, and recommendations are given to explain how the Human component of any organization could be successfully managed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A large organization like Japan Airlines with a total workforce of over 50,000 employees requires efficient Human resources Management to be able to successfully management its army of employees (JAL, 2009). The following are the activities of Human Resources Managers at JAL: Recruitment/training:   Human Resources Managers at Japan Airlines hire and train the company’s horde of workers. The process of hiring is different from other companies: for example, any candidate that would like to work for JAL must be ready to attend up to three interviews.

Asylum Seekers - a Contemporary Social Issues in Australian Society Essay Example for Free

Asylum Seekers a Contemporary Social Issues in Australian Society Essay The Oxford English Dictionary defines asylum as the shelter afforded by a country to someone who has had to leave their country of origin due to danger from political or other reasons (Oxford English Dictionary 2012). Structuralism, according to Babbie (2006), is a theory supporting the establishment of communities of different cultures. This paper will discuss the concept of asylum seekers in Australia as part of multiculturalism within the global population flow and critically examine the roles and values of the Australian people towards â€Å"uninvited immigrants† and the policies in relation to the recent influx of asylum seekers. Specifically, this paper will first give an overview of Australians and asylum seekers, then discuss the history of asylum seekers coming to Australia and review the effectiveness of current policies in addressing the issues surrounding admission of asylum seekers. The paper will also examine the arguments and issues surrounding the policies for, and attitudes towards asylum seekers, as viewed through the lens of structural functionalism. Finally the paper will conclude with an overview of Australia’s current multicultural strategy for asylum seekers and what the future holds as globalisation increases. As the complex issues surrounding asylum seekers in Australia are increasingly challenged, constant changes due to globalisation and population flow affect Australia’s political, economical and social stance towards those seeking asylum (Jupp, 2007). The broader field of population flows and multiculturalism is the topic within which the issue of asylum seekers looking for entry into a multicultural Australia is contextualised. The Settlement Council of Australia (SOCA) is the main organisation nationally representing the settlement service division and has a close working relationship with the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. SOCA states that a refugee is a victim of oppression who fits the description of a refugee as set out in the 1951 agreement concerning the Status of Refugees, of which Australia is a participant, whereas an asylum seeker has already sought protection from the government under international law and is awaiting a decision on their status. (SOCA, 2012). The current view of multiculturalism, and the approach to asylum seekers amongst Australians today, is still mixed (McMaster, 2001). It is difficult for some to accept what they perceive as outsiders queue jumping in to the system to obtain status. Multiculturalism is a vital element of the settlement procedure, assisting in establishing the best environment for settlement to occur (SOCA, 2012). To understand the desperation faced by asylum seekers is hard, and we can only draw from media coverage or second-hand knowledge, if not personally experienced (Suter, 2001). Most will have fled from their homeland due to tyranny, warfare, or horrendous abuses of their human rights. As argued by Suter (2001), Australia has reacted with obstinacy over recent years with the growing arrival of asylum seekers from countries, such as Afghanistan in 2001, where the refugees were refused entry to Australia forced to relocate to Indonesia as the boat had initially foundered in Indonesian waters. International condemnation did nothing to soften the government’s stance and interestingly, most Australians, according to surveys at the time, supported the government’s hard line. The fear of invasion still seems pervasive amongst many (Suter 2001). The humanitarian element of protection is superseded by a fact that another person is attempting to get into the country and must be assessed. As SOCA states, the reinstatement of processing migrants off-shore will have a large impact psychologically on people who are vulnerable with a bleak and uncertain outlook surrounding their status in Australia. For those arriving by boat separation from their families is traumatic and the restoration of devastated families is a main element in settling successfully. Asylum seekers will need continued support from the community during difficult times of change while establishing a safer and more protected life (SOCA, 2012). It is significant that multiculturalism is a policy that recognises, and endorses, cultural diversity, not non-racism (Van Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos, Holborn 2006). Australia has received immigrants for many years, as Jupp (2007) discusses, emigrants from Europe arrived in 1788, opening the way for 160,000 convicts. The Immigration Restriction Act, introduced in 1901 named the ‘White Australia Policy’, was to prevent the admission of non- Europeans into Australia. As the Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship state, Australia assesses claims made by asylum seekers under the Migrations Act 1988 and Migration Regulations 1994. There is also an independent review process for people who arrive by sea know as â€Å"irregular maritime arrivals† and asylum is granted on individual circumstances after thorough background checks, which in some cases take years. Whilst waiting for their status to be recognised, asylum seekers are required to remain in detention centres (Commonwealth, 2012). The statistics published by the Department of Immigration show that when the Refugees Convention was set up in 1951 around 1. 5 million immigrants existed worldwide. Towards the close of 2010 that figure had risen to 43. 7 million, comprising many refugees, some 15 million with over 838,000 seekers of asylum and 27million relocated from their country of origin (Commonwealth, 2012). Whilst it is difficult to account for exactly why people are displaced, a large number may be foreign students and people looking for changes in lifestyle, due to globalisation and easier forms of transport (Xu, 2007). There are still many people from war torn countries escaping from oppressive and deadly regimes looking for an improved lifestyle for their relatives and loved ones. (Lusher Haslam, 2007). Australia is a socially diverse country, which has grown to accept and embrace differing cultures. Race and racism were a fundamental part of the national Australian community, as in the case of the Aboriginal Australians, to be rid of those considered racially disagreeable, those who were not white. As Lusher and Haslam (2007) discuss, historically up to the First World War, the admission of Europeans to Australia was virtually unobstructed, so there was no motive to assess immigrants entering due to persecution in their country of origin. The Second World War saw the admission of many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany with Australia assisting in an international aid scheme. Following on from the ever-increasing influx of refugees, Australia was one of the first to sign the United Nations document on the Status of Refugees in 1951 (Jupp, 2007). From then on, Australia accepted some refugees, and rejected others. Australia’s policy on refugees has consistently formed part of its immigration policy. The first major modern controversy, which sets the scene for today’s issues, was in 1977 when a boat carrying Vietnamese refugees arrived off the coast of Darwin. The media then used labels, such as â€Å"queue jumpers† and â€Å"Boat people†, names that hold to this day (Jupp, 2007). Historical incidents such as this give a background to the treatment of asylum seekers today and what some might see as Australia’s contemptuous and cold-hearted management towards them. The numbers of refugees and asylum seekers is growing annually, as statistics from the Refugee Council of Australia show: five people arrived by boat during 1975 to 1976 compared to 4,730 on 89 boats during 2010 to 2011 (Refugee Council, 2012). Yon (2000) asserts that many Australians of â€Å"old† or white descent still do not identify with the multiculturalisms view of the â€Å"new† Australia. These fundamental ideas not only marginalise ethnic cultures, but also are destructive as they produce a situation whereby â€Å"old† Australians position themselves as being on the outside of a multicultural Australia. To assert that the legitimacy of the current Australian policy on asylum seekers is being questioned is understandable when viewed from a structural functionalism perspective. People with different cultural beliefs and values come together, particularly in the strained circumstances of asylum seeking; one party running for fear of their lives and Australian Immigration viewing this flight as another invasion (McMaster, 2001). Many, according to Tepperman and Blain (2006), believe that Australia’s multicultural policy should be restructured to accommodate the rapid advances in globalisation bringing together more ethnic cultures and be in line with assimilation of ethnic cultures whilst working towards a common goal. Current policies in Australia to assist asylum seekers are not effective in this age of globalisation, and should be focused on as a matter of urgency (Lusher Haslam 2007). On July 21, 2012 in The Australian, Cameron Stewart discusses that the government’s current policy on refugees and asylum seekers which has, until recently, been the one of the basic key stones of Australia’s commitment to human rights and is now in danger of collapse. The ineffectiveness of the current policy is highlighted by the inability of the government to prevent people smugglers bringing more boats to Australian shores, hence more and more people are arriving. But, the government continued to maintain a policy, initiated in 1996 by the Howard government, which set a cap on the intake allowed each year and which is currently much lower than the influx of new refugees to these shores (Stewart, 2012). The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (Article 13) declares people should be able to leave their place of origin with a right to decent health care, food, housing and a right to the safekeeping in areas of welfare such as unemployment, illness of death of a family member (Article 25). The UDHR also states (Article 2) that no one should be discriminated against based on of his or her viewpoint politically, or his or her status internationally (UDHR 2012, cited Xu, Q 2007). The United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC) advised Australia in April 2010 to seek out better options than the detention of asylum seekers who arrive by boat. The UNHRC is still in discussion with the Australian government on the best way to reduce the deferment of the mounting claims for asylum and compulsory detention, whilst concentrating on the wellbeing and health of asylum seekers in Australia (UNHRC, 2012). The theory of structural functionalism, argues that each of us is born, into set communal structures that have fixed behavioural expectations, which people generally do not contravene (Van Krieken et al, 2006). Social issues are approached scientifically assessing changes in urban growth, population flow to explain the structures underpinning society. As Bessant and Watts (2007) assert, structural functionalists focus on statistics of given situations, which are then used to describe the progress of and structure of social development and may help to create the basis of a policy on multiculturalism. Babbie (2010) posits that it is pertinent to understand how a person who once fitted in to a different society with different roles and functions may have difficulties initially, or if ever, adapting to the structure and function which makes up Australian contemporary society. It is therefore useful using the structural perspective, to assess the asylum seekers who may appear disruptive when placed for months in detention centres, as people who are displaced from their â€Å"norm† and are reacting against that displacement. Structural functionalism would be looking to understand why problems are occurring and what could be done to effectively integrate the asylum seekers into the Australian larger society, taking into account the adjustments that would be needed for those people to assimilate (Babbie 2010). According to Xu (2007), using the welfare benefit system is crucial for helping the acculturation and settlement of all immigrants. Yet as Xu (2007) notes, resentment amongst many Australian citizens is building towards asylum seekers as they often take low-paid jobs, out of necessity, which contributes to employment issues and a sense of insecurity for many indigenous and natural born workers. As a result, over the last 20 years Australia has moved its policy on immigration to focus more on assimilating asylum seekers and refugees with discussions about multiculturalism, and how that affects the native Australians, and less on the welfare of the immigrants arriving, sometimes under dire circumstances (Xu, 2007). In conclusion the analysis in this paper of the social issue of asylum seekers admitted into Australia suggest that many factors may disrupt feelings amongst native Australians, and unless handled sensitively the deep rooted fear of invasion, which still endures for many, will not go away (Jupp, 2007). Multiculturalism does not have the legitimacy it was trying to assume and marginalisation of asylum seekers still exists. As Bessant and Watts (2007) show when viewed through the paradigm of the structural functionalism theory, the current Australian policies on the treatment of asylum seekers create maladaptation and malignancies. An irrefutable fact exists, asserts Jupp (2007), which is globalisation. More people daily are coming to and from Australia and continually communicating with other countries and cultures. The frenetic pace of globalisation and the ensuing and inevitable cultural change in the form of assimilation is inevitable (Xu, 2007). The emphasis, according to Xu (2007) should be on a tactical approach that creates a long-term solution to prioritise the management and protection of asylum seekers across Australia, and adapting current policies on immigration to ensure that migrants skirting around current arrangements make no gain. The focus therefore should be on Australian observance of its international responsibilities concentrating on an improved policy for immigration, encouraging a reasonable and managed humanitarian programme which minimises fear and anxiety across all sectors yet creates an adhesive force for change.

Essay on Images of Africans in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness

Images of Africans in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness In my reading of Things Fall Apart, it has better informed me of a culture that I did not know of before, and by reading it helped correct some broad misconceptions that I previously held of the people and their cultures of Africa. Reading the novel also gave me another perspective on the effects of imperialism/colonialism by the Europeans on the Africans. I believe Achebe has succeeded in enabling the West an opportunity to have them "listen to the weak" (Achebe interview), but whether or not Western society decides to listen will come down to the individual within the society--if they do choose to listen to the call of the "weak." In this essay I will share realizations that I gained by reading Achebe's novel, and how I came to view the people of the Igbo and Africa and not so different as I had thought before. The distinct writing style that Achebe used to narrate his novel led me, as the reader, to feel as if I were a fellow tribesman of the Igbo people. This differing perspective, rather than being an outsider looking in on the people, led me to see that the Igbos are a people with strong beliefs, culture, and identity. An example of their identity is the description of one of their dwellings, more specifically of Okonkwo's compound; it is described as a "large compound enclosed by a thick wall of red earth" and we read further on about the barn for Okonkwo's yams and the shed for his goats (1429). The Igbo people are obviously agrarian, and led me to the question, how different are they from us? My answer is, there are not a lot of differenes. Based upon my experience--my father was raised on a farm--I see stark similarities between us and them... ...people of Umuofia could not have forecasted, with the exception of the oracle, that they would have fallen due to the white man and his religion, but I believe we can derive a couple of reasons why they fell and apply it to our own society. In conclusion, I really enjoyed Achebe's novel and liked the contrast between it and Conrad's work of Heart of Darkness. I believe there are times that, in order to see the extremes of something, you must contrast it to its opposite extreme. As a former moderate of beliefs on colonialism and those who proselytize their religion onto others, I realize now the dire impact those acts can have on a naive or vulnerable culture, and I now disagree with those practices. Finally, I heed the "call of the weak" for I hear the quiet but powerful voice that says, "We are a people too..." and I know the truth of the message!

Managing Conbini- Case Study Custom Research by Essay Writers

Culturally speaking, Japanese consumers have an interest in utilizing American inventions because of an overall desire to capture the flavor and feel of Western culture, as Japanese citizens experience the joy of having disposable income to purchase goods   that they are seeing for the first time in many cases (Ellington, 1992).   Specifically in the instance of the American convenience store concept, the popularity of it in Japan, beyond the cultural associations, also has a practical element to it, as space in Japan is at a premium, which makes it difficult and impractical for the average Japanese to store lots of consumer goods in their homes.   Therefore, the convenience store allows them to quickly obtain needed items if they cannot be kept on hand at home. Evolution of the Original Concept of the Convenience Store Space is at a premium in Japan, and retail stores are no exception.   Even the Conbini (convenience store) lacks enough shelf space to display all of the goods that are offered.   Because of this, the original concept of the convenience store has evolved through the use of e-commerce; for example, in the Conbini, Internet terminals exist whereby the customer can order products and have the products delivered to their homes.   This allows for the offering of many goods in a limited space environment. Aside from the obvious convenience and product availability that Conbini provides to the Japanese consumer, there is another important aspect of Conbini that the Japanese particularly like, which can be found in the e-commerce element of the stores themselves.   Because many Japanese do not have Internet access in their homes, the possibility of buying online from the terminal at Conbini is very appealing (Bloomberg Business News, 2004). What Other Kinds of New Products/Services Could be Introduced in the Conbini? How Should the New Offerings be Distributed? Conbini represents an excellent opportunity to introduce new products/services.   Because of the space crunch in Japan, there exists a promising opportunity for the provision of the kinds of entertainment (DVDs, videocassettes, etc) that previously required large retail spaces, but can be ordered using the Internet technology that now exists. These new product/services should be distributed via home delivery due to the convenience and practical considerations that are dictated by the space restrictions that exist in Japan itself. Technology can also play a bigger key role.   The Conbini innovations in E-commerce could be adapted to E-tailing in the United States in many ways, and have been to some extent in the past, evidenced by American retailers like Circuit City, which has embraced the Internet as a sales tool and used it to rescue the firm from low profits over the past 5 years or so (Bhatnagar, 2004). To strictly follow the Conbini model, the typical American convenience store could reduce the costs associated with huge retail locations by utilizing Internet technology as Conbini has to make convenience stores smaller and more cost/space efficient.   Given certain concerns in the United States at this time as well, Conbini models can reduce the crime associated with the typical American convenience store and conserve natural resources by disturbing less land and using less utilities and building materials. References (Bhatnagar P 2004 Circuit City-No More Excuses)Bhatnagar, P. (2004). Circuit City-No More Excuses. CNN Money.com, , . Retrieved September 10, 2006, from Money Magazine and CNN Web Site: http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/26/news/fortune500/circuit_city (Bloomberg Business News 200404 Japan's Convenience Stores add E-Commerce to Milk and Management)Bloomberg Business News. (2004, April). Japan's Convenience Stores add E-Commerce to Milk and Management. Retrieved September 10, 2006, from CNET News Web Site: http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/hardware/0,39042972,13027570,00.htm (Indiana University Clearinghouse For US-Japan Studies 1992 Japanese-U.S. Economic Relations)Indiana University Clearinghouse For U.S.-Japan Studies/Lucien Ellington, author (1992). Japanese-U.S. Economic Relations. Japan Digest, 4(2002), .      

Google Case: Ethical Principle

It is rather difficult to talk about ethics as it involves different point of view based on different moral standards one has and based on different ethical principles one uses. This Google China-cases mostly talks about the ethical dilemma faced by the company, whether it should obey the local law or put its global ethical standards as its best interest. Obeying the local law will push them to do self-censoring, which then raise many criticism internationally. Based on ‘cultural relativism’, it is said that ethics are nothing more than the reflection of a culture – all ethics are culturally determined, so that each firm should adopt the ethics of the culture in which it is operating. It has been explained before that China has an totalitarian political system contrasts with the Western culture which supports civil rights and liberties. So, based on this theory, doing self-censoring may be considered as ethical. However, this pragmatic view won’t be very suitable for justifying an action. The restriction from the Chinese government regarding some sensitive political themes may be recognized by some international people as denying the human rights. Here, based on the rights theories, human beings have fundamental rights which establish a minimum level of morally acceptable behavior. Because of the censoring, Chinese people lose their freedom of speech, especially less freedom in receiving information. However, it is part of their law and political system, which should be accepted by every company who wants to conduct business in China. Some Chinese people have accustomed with the censorship, not consider it as violating human rights, and support it for the sake of the nation. By self-censoring their website, Google is complicit with the Chinese government’s effort to restrict the freedom of speech. According to ‘Kantian ethics’, it is wrong toward treating people as means, since people should be treated as ends and never as means to the ends of others. When deciding that the benefits of operating in China outweighed the costs, Google used the ‘utilitarian approaches’. It holds that the moral worth of actions is determined by their consequences. An action will be judged as ethical and desirable if the balance of best consequences are over the bad consequences. What are the benefits and the costs should be measured carefully by Google. Google claimed that ‘Google. cn’ would provide better internet service to its customers in China while making more profit for the company. It also raised ethical awareness by making its users aware that some results were omitted, thus also put pressure on the other companies to do the same. In addition, it is better to give Chinese users access to information, than to none at all. Those practical and ethical benefits combined with the increasing profit has been considered by Google as outweighing the negative effects of censorship. The negative effects for the company might be criticism for the inconsistence with the ‘Don’t be Evil’ motto. For Chinese people, I think, there will be no significant net negative effects as the Chinese users will still get the censored search results, since the government would block the contents using the â€Å"Great Firewall†. After months criticism, Google shut down its Google. cn. It tried to regain its integrity and to protests implicitly the censorship in China. The reasons might come because it realized it couldn’t give better services to Chinese users due to many problems, it had denied the human rights, and also it gained the lower market share and profit rather than expected. It made greater harm for the company. In my opinion, China has different culture and law that should be considered before a company conduct business there. Each company should obey the rules in which it is operating. Censoring is considered as denying human rights in many parts of the world – especially USA, but in China it should be done in order to gain greater advantages for the whole nation. The problem here is because Google has basic ethical principle of ‘Don’t be Evil’ which contradict this kind of action. Moreover, it won’t influence much to Chinese users whether Google stays there or not, as it has better local search engine – Baidu. That is why, considering the condition and all the consequences, it is better for Google to leave China. Next, we can analyze this case based on Kantian perspective called ‘Universalizability’. It means that the companies have the duty to commit only those actions which could be universally applied. It can be demonstrated by the question: â€Å"What if every company agreed to self-censor in order to gain access to China? †. The answer is there will be unbeatable suppression of rights of freedom of speech and information. On the opposite question, the multinational corporations may influence the societal change and perhaps will improve the level of freedom of speech in China.

Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology

Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology Introduction Psychology is a scientific subject that seeks to solve social, emotional, and mental problems in human beings. The most vital areas in psychology are the training/educational qualifications, theories, which influence the field, outstanding persons who contributed to the subject, the current ruling theories, and other motivating factors, which propel people to take up the career.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, gender bias is a phenomenon in the discipline of psychology that is still debatable. In terms of education, an individual has to undergo training for about ten years to qualify as a psychologist. Categorically, psychologists fall into three categories viz. psychiatrists, counselors, and clinicians. The three aforementioned specialists focus on the same field in the medical industry, bu t the education background and treatment techniques differ slightly. Therefore, anybody who aspires to qualify as a psychologist has to research on the education qualification of the above three specialists. The following discussion expounds on the important areas in psychology. Education and training of psychologists What are the education qualifications of a psychologist? The training differs depending on the area of specialization. An individual can train as a clinical psychologist, counselor or a psychiatrist in relation to his or her qualifications (Gray, 2010, p. 70). For instance, a clinical psychologist undergoes four-year training at the university level in a clinical environment (Hall Llewelyn, 2006, p.10). The next level of training takes about five to six years until he/she attains a doctorate degree. Internship training follows the education training after, which he/she qualifies for a medical license (Cheshire Pilgrim, 2004, p. 20). On the other hand, a counseling ps ychologist undergoes training for four years at a bachelorette level, but he/she specializes in the physiotherapeutic services. Furthermore, a counseling psychologist obtains an educational degree, in addition to the psychological training, plus a two-year internship program in order to qualify as a counselor. On the contrary, a psychiatrist has to qualify as a medical doctor and four-year internship program to enable him/her possesses a practicing license. More over, a psychiatrist can narrow down as a geriatric, child or adolescent specialist or concentrate on addiction cases (Gazzaniga, 2010, p.23).Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After obtaining psychological skills, an individual can qualify as a researcher, instructor, in addition to the medical qualifications. Incase an individual remains at the degree level he/she can qualify as a technician to the psychiatrist , a case management officer, specialize in rehabilitation cases or carry out counseling services. Therefore, training is one of the major areas in the psychological training. Major theories in psychology To gain a deeper understanding of psychology as a subject, students have to spend most of their time familiarizing with leading theories in the field. Therefore, which are the psychological theories? Which theories are still currently contributing to the study of the human mind and behavior (psychology)? The first theory is the behavioral theory, which states that the environment an individual lives in determines his/her behavior including the mental status and personal feelings and thoughts (Brain, 2002, p.70). According to theorists, one can train the human mind to adapt to specific conditions, but the mind is dynamic thus, personal behavior can change depending on the situation in hand (Skinner, 1974, p. 80). Through rewarding or punishing an individual his/her, behavior will eve ntually follow the desired route. Critics of the theory are against of its inability to account for the human thoughts, feeling, which come into place without external forces (Benjafield, 1996, p. 75). Despite putting pressure on an individual to behave in a specific way, he/she may do so but become defiant in the future. Similarly, the theory does not put into account on the ability of humans to learn devoid of punishment or rewards, which undoubtedly occurs. Some people are willing to learn, change and adapt to a new environment without reinforcing them. More over, people can acquire new habits incase new laws are put in place. Subsequently, they will discard the habits, which they had learned earlier. Nevertheless, the supporters of the theory recognize it as an observational behavior, which is easy to learn and quantify through using other participants. Through observing an individual, the psychologists can easily determine their behavioral outcomes. Sadly, the theory is not pop ular in the psychological industry, as it was in the 20th century. The second theory is the cognitive psychology, which focus on the sharpness, alertness and learning ability of the human mind (Hergenhahn, 2005, p. 50). The theory uses scientific techniques to assess the mentality of human beings putting in consideration the memory, attentiveness and intelligence levels.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, the development theory discusses the growth of the human mind in terms of thoughts, learning ability and body development. The development theory fall into five classical namely the psychological and sexual growth, cognitive development, moral growth, social development and methods of parenting. All the above divisions contribute to the maturation of the human mind. Drifting away from the abnormality of the hu man behavior, the humanistic theory describes the wellness of human beings. The theory stresses on personal development of human beings. Self-authenticity, self-realization, and affirmation are some of the behaviors of the human mind. According to the psychologists, the human mental ability is naturally at its best, but the deviation from nature creates social, emotional, and mental break down. Critics are against the lack of quantification methods, which shows either the deviation or actualization of the human mind. However, according to the supporters the theory emphasizes on the individuals responsibility especially in taking charge of their lives. Furthermore, it combines both the external forces like environmental issues with the mind to ascertain individual’s behavior. Finally, the humanistic theory motivates individuals, especially children and adolescents, to fulfill their potential especially career wise. The personality theories describe the uniqueness of the human mind and behavior. Each person’s feelings differ from each other, but eventually the thoughts mould the individuals’ personality. Most of the psychological theories aim at modeling people’s personalities. Lastly, the social theories monitor the social conduct of human beings. Family relationships, love relationships, leadership roles and public conduct among others are some of the branches the social theories enlightens. All of the above theories are rarely in use, but psychologists have coined new theories, which are currently in use. The ruling theories in psychology In the contemporary world, most psychologists use theoretical approach as a treatment technique. Therefore, which are the ruling theories today? The three common theories include psychodynamic, cognitive and humanistic theories. According Sigmund Freud, the study of human beings in an unconscious state may reveal not only their personal problems, but also alert individuals on what they are plannin g next. The cognitive theories study the human mind in relation to their feelings, thoughts and behavior. Lastly, the humanistic perspective, which is similar with the one mentioned previously, connects self-affirmation as a means of realizing human potential (Carver Scheier, 2004 p. 30).Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above three principal theories are common in psychology especially when studying clinical psychology. Moreover, they are the ruling theories because they combine school of thoughts from nearly all psychologists. All the psychological theories are beneficial to students, more so to those who aspire to major in psychological medicine. The pioneers of modern psychology Although psychology is still a young branch of science historically, there are preeminent people behind the development of the discipline. Who are the greatest people recognized in the psychological industry? B. F. Skinner is one of the recognizable persons in the psychology because of his invention of the behaviorism theory and establishment of the psychotherapeutic techniques, which are still in use in the treatment of psychological problems in the current world. The second person is Sigmund Freud who suggested the study of the unconscious mind as a way of initiating personal development. By studying a person who i s unconscious, the psychologist can establish his/her past experiences and determine their plans. Through him, clinical psychology came into existence. Thirdly, Albert Bandura invented the cognitive theory, which stresses on social development of individuals. His book social learning theory is still vital in the psychological training. While Jean Piaget contributed to psychology through studying the behavior and development of children, which most psychologist still rely on to treat children with social, emotional and mental problems. The fifth ace mind behind psychological development is William James who established principles in the field. Similarly, Carl Rogers described the development of the human mind in order to fulfill its potential while Erik Erikson description of the psychosocial development initiated the research on different stages of human development that is child, adolescent, adult and old age. Ivan Pavlov, through experimental procedures, established the quantifica tion of human behaviorism. Finally, Lewin Kurt is the pioneer of the modern psychological techniques. He established the study of human behavior both scientifically and experimentally, which has a considerable impact in the current study of social behavior. The overlooked person’s in psychology Although the world is still trying to fight gender bias in society, the problem became a thorn in the flesh since ancient times. Many women who have contributed to scientific subject like psychology remain unnoticed (Minton, 2001, p.615). Basing from the above list of the major influences in psychology, there are no women mentioned. Sincerely, which are the overlooked voices in the field of psychology? The first woman is Leta Stetter Hollingworth who received her doctorate degree in psychology at thirty but besides teaching and assisting in the treatment of psychological problems in adolescents, defects in infants and abnormalities in women nobody has ever recognized her efforts (Benja min, 1975, p.500). Her society was full of bias especially to the girl child, which motivated to study both the female and male gender comparing their psychological development. She wrote three psychological textbooks, which were decisive in the training of psychology for about twenty years. Furthermore, she researched on the contribution of the environment to character development of children. The second woman is Hellen Bradford Thompson Woolley who studied the roles of women and men in the society. With her credentials in neurology and physiology, she conducted research on the motor nerves, muscles, the hearing, smelling and testing senses in relation to the environmental influences. Besides her contribution to psychology especially in children’s psychology, she remains unrecognized. Mary Whiton Calkins is the next significant figure in psychology. Besides working as untrained assistant in the psychology laboratory, she studied psychology up to the doctorate level where she wrote articles on the human mind and behavioral changes in animals. In addition, she was the first female to lead the APA organization. Therefore, all the three women did a tremendous job in developing psychology as a subject motivating other women in the contemporary world to follow into their footsteps (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987, p. 40). Unfortunately, the society has done little to recognize their efforts because of their gender identity. Conclusion In summary, the discipline of psychology is a new subject that focuses on the study of social, emotional and mental development of human beings. Education qualifications and subsequent training are some of the factors that determine whether an individual will be a clinician, a counselor or a psychiatrist. There are many theories, which have led to the development of the psychological subject but only a few of them still hold. Psychologists rely on the psychodynamic, cognitive, and humanistic theories to assess, diagnose and treat t heir patients. Developed by leading personalities the theories still hold in the current society. Gender bias is one of the problems in the development of psychology as a subject. All the women who pioneered in the development of psychology are unknown mainly because of their gender identification. However, the most significant areas in psychology include education, training, theories and outstanding personalities among others. References Benjafield, G. (1996). A History of Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Benjamin, L. (1975). The pioneering work of Leta Stetter Hollingworth in the psychology of women. Nebraska History, 56, 493-505. Brain, C. (2002). Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.  Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Carver, C., Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality. Boston: Pearson Cheshire, K., Pilgrim, D. (2004). A short introduction to clinical psychology. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gazzaniga, M. (2010). Psychological Sci ence. New York: W.W. Norton Company. Gray, P. (2010). Foundations for the study of psychology. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. Hall, J., Llewelyn, S. (2006). What is Clinical Psychology? UK: Oxford University Press Hergenhahn, B. (2005). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth Minton, H. (2000). Psychology and gender at the turn of the century. American  Psychologist, 55, 613-615. Scarborough, E., Furumoto, L. (1987). Untold lives: The first generation of American  women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press. Skinner, F. (1974). About Behaviorism. New York: Random House.

Saint Josephs University Admissions - What It Takes

Saint Josephs University Admissions - What It Takes Saint Josephs University in Philadelphia admits over 78  percent of the applicants. Students with good grades and a strong application are likely to be admitted. To learn about the school, including application requirements and deadlines, be sure to visit the schools website, or get in touch with the admissions office at Saint Josephs. SJU is test-optional, so applicants are not required to submit SAT or ACT scores. They will need to send in an application and high school transcripts, however. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Saint Josephs University Acceptance Rate: 78  percentTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 520 / 610SAT Math: 530 / 620What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 23  / 28ACT English: 23  / 29ACT Math: 23  / 27What these ACT numbers meanGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Saint Josephs: SJU is test-optional, but you can see data from Cappex on test scores. International students from non-English speaking countries must submit either a TOEFL or SAT/ACT language to show English proficiency.SAT comparison for Catholic collegesACT comparison for Catholic collegesAtlantic 10 Conference SAT score comparisonAtlantic 10 Conference ACT score comparison Saint Josephs University Description Located on a 103-acre campus in western Philadelphia and Montgomery Country, Saint Josephs University is a highly-regarded private Catholic University with a history dating back to 1851. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and science earned it a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa. Many of Saint Josephs most popular and distinguished programs, however, are in business fields. Undergraduates can choose from 75 academic programs. In athletics, the Saint Josephs Hawks compete in the NCAA Division I  Atlantic 10 Conference  as well as the Philadelphia Big 5 conference. Lacrosse competes in the  Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 8,415  (5,377  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 45 percent male / 55 percent female87  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $43,020Books: $825 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,524Other Expenses: $1,205Total Cost: $59,574 Saint Josephs University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 97  percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97 percentLoans: 60 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $22,407Loans: $10,017 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, English, Finance, Health Services, Marketing, Psychology,  Special EducationWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 91  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 72 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 80  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Lacrosse, Rowing, Cross Country, Track and Field, Basketball, Baseball, Golf, SoccerWomens Sports:  Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Soccer, Rowing, Basketball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country If You Like Saint Josephs, You May Also Like These Schools Fordham University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDrexel University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTemple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Pittsburgh: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphArcadia University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJames Madison University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPennsylvania State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSyracuse University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFairfield University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Delaware: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Intercultural communication class- Project Report Coursework

Intercultural communication class- Project Report - Coursework Example I met four African Americans and two Americans of British origin. The experience was strange yet engaging. The experience in deed challenged my comfort zone. I am an introverted individual who finds it difficult to interact freely with people. The situation becomes worse when I have to interact with strangers. The walk was as tiring just as it was adventurous. I tried as much as I could to play with the children occasionally and engaged the few adults I met in casual conversations. At one instance, a group of unruly male African American youths stopped and roughed me up thereby making me regret the idea. I presented myself the best way I could thereby enticing them into walking me around their neighborhood. With them as my tour guide, the remaining part of the evening became lively and gratifying. I became their friend and they promised to visit me some time later. Among the intercultural communication challenges, I faced included facing the societal stereotypes. I could not speak the English language as fluently as most of the people could. This made me vulnerable to their ridicule as they readily identified my background. Additionally, I could not identify some of the features of the new environment. The unique popular culture for example was difficult to comprehend. The marauding youths were loud, rough and appeared disorderly. They approached my in a condescending tone and often blurted abusive words which I later realized did not mean any harm. The walk was equally long and laborious. It therefore challenged my comfort zone given the fact that I do not like walking. Despite the numerous challenges I faced on the day, I learnt fundamental lessons including interpersonal skills that will help me overcome some of the challenges presented by intercultural communication. I played with the children, talked to a four adults and interacted peacefully with the unruly African American youths. I faced the youths courageously a moved that proved the fact

The Moderating Effect of Culture on the Success Factors of Information Essay

The Moderating Effect of Culture on the Success Factors of Information Systems Projects - Essay Example Although a wide variety of factors can affect this phenomenon, this paper examines the cultural factor. This study provides an understanding of cultural impacts from the national level, based on Hofstede’s and Trompenaars models of culture. The research tries to identify if the differences existing between the countries can affect success factors of Information Systems implementation; these factors include learning, incorporating the user into the design, the communication and finally the distributed work -- all giving useful insights for the design and use of these systems. The research design is situated within the theoretical constructs of Trompenaars and Hofstede who both advanced sociological notions of culture as contextually related to international business interactions. These models inform the research’s overall approach, as evidenced in the utilization of interview data sources. The interview subjects reflect categorical distinctions as influenced by these the orist’s frameworks. In these regards, four individuals from Greek and four individuals four Dutch culture will be interviewed as they cultural distinctions represent significant diversity of thought and perspective. Furthermore, the study follows Trompenaars and Hofstede in interviewing individuals from different levels of the corporate hierarchy within both of these cultural climates. These semi-structured interviews will be analyzed through qualitative description methods. Furthermore, a theory driven approach thematic code approach as articulated by Boyatzis (1998) is implemented as a means of structuring the qualitative analysis of these interviews. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Most of the literature concerned with Information Systems treats them as a unified and universal subject. This approach can create serious misunderstandings and is one of the important factors that have caused the failure of many Information Systems projects. Existi ng theories of Information Systems use are criticized for lacking cultural sensitivity (Stolh, 2001). They have not foreseen that all these various systems are going to be used in different organizations and countries where perceptions and ways of acting can severely vary. As such, preferences are not unified into a standard model, even though norms and ways of doing things can vary strongly form culture to culture.While technology itself is compelling, emerging Information Systems are used by people in social contexts, so it is critical to explore how people belonging to different cultures are affecting and being affected by Information Systems (Sornes, Stephens, Browning & S?tre, 2004). What is currently known is that comparisons between cultures are very dissimilar (e.g. US and Japan) (Sornes, Stephens, Browning & S?tre, 2004). A large amount of research has taken as subject countries with an Anglo-Saxon background. Within the EU a large number of countries with diverse cultures exist without an Anglo-Saxon background. The research will be based in two of these countries (Greece and The Nederland). Information System projects involve group-oriented activities, organized and executed in teams, therefore, they are subject to all the benefits and problems of group dynamics, interactions, coordination, and communication (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997). Some of the underlining problems are managerial, technical, inappropriate economic evaluation techniques, but also culture related factors. Developing Information

Negotiation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Negotiation - Assignment Example The two-day long correspondence with the client leads to us negotiating with a price that did not amount to my work but was not in their favor as well. I ended up withholding the rest of the series I had been working on for them and they paid me half price on a project that I had worked a lot on but the positive point is that I knew my walk away terms. It was established that poor communication was what lead to the break of the deal and a case was not filed from either of the party which I think is an achievement. I could have conducted the negotiating terms better if there had been a better communication system involved with information sharing from the start that would have helped in benefiting both parties. Another tactic that I could have applied in the negotiating terms is priorities because I left a pile of unfinished projects in lieu of this certain project and had to put double the time in other projects, so one important thing I learned from this failed project was to always get my priorities right and to give maximum time to things but do not forget that there are other tasks that need to be done as well.The two-day long correspondence with the client leads to us negotiating with a price that did not amount to my work but was not in their favor as well. I ended up withholding the rest of the series I had been working on for them and they paid me half price on a project that I had worked a lot on. It was established that poor communication was what lead to the break of the deal.

Kohlberg: Theory Of Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg: Theory Of Moral Reasoning Moral reasoning is a segment of social cognition that particularly aims at understanding the reason to why young people involve themselves in criminal offenses or behaviors. In most cases delinquency is associated with delayed maturation and development of moral reasoning. For minors when an opportunity for a crime arises, their underdeveloped cognitive ability to control and resist the urge or temptation to offend allows them to go ahead and commit the criminal act. In general this group of offenders lack self control and they tend to act impulsively. The strength of causation of crime varies from one individual to the other. In this paper I will discuss several theories in relation to the moral reasoning, evidence for and against moral reasoning. According to Kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning, the cognitive-development takes an assumption that the primary mental structure is as a result of relationships or interactions between certain organismic structuring tendencies and the general structure of the outside world. Kohlberg examines that moral reasoning is exercised in the mental structure; the structure refers to the general attributes of shape, pattern organization of response like rules that guide the processing of information, for connecting experienced events. He goes a head and explains that linkages are formed by both selective and active processes of attention, information-gathering tactics and motivated thinking. Kohlbergs structures of moral reasoning are synthetic due to the active processes between the human organism which is a self regulating system of cognitive and effective inclination and the social environment in which it is found. Moral Reasoning is a process that progresses through stages. The theory argues that moral reasoning catapults the cognitive growth, for instance the capacity to reason and think is basic for improved and high levels of moral reasoning. Advanced moral reasoning wholly depends on advanced logical reasoning, that is, ones logical stage demarcates the moral stage he can achieve. The moral stages should only be taken for what they are worth of. Morality is the foundation on which Kohlbergs theory is developed. In cognitive development, morality is a natural product of a universal human tendency toward empathy or role taking, and putting oneself in the conscious condition of another being. Consequently, moral reasoning is a product of a universal human advocacy for justice. Kohlbergs understanding of morality is primarily based on Piagets definition whereby all morality comprises of rules, and the core of morality as a whole is to be sought for in the reverence which a person acquires for these rules. Morality according to Kohlberg is judgment based on justice. However justice is a distribution of rights and duties governed by concepts of quality and reciprocity. Justice is identified and recognized by Piagets logic, the equilibrium of social action and relations. Moral Stages according to Kohlbergs theory are divided into Preconventional level, Conventional level and Postconventional level. Preconventional level Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation-the physical consequences of an action determines its goodness or badness regardless of human meaning or value. These consequences are weighed basing on the impact to the individual rather than based upon the consequences for all. Stage 2: Instrumental-relativism Orientation-a right action is that which instrumentally fulfills ones own needs and in some occasions the needs of others. These two stages have an egocentric point of view where ones choices are based on the fear of punishment and a desire to be rewarded. Conventional level Stage 3: The Interpersonal concordance Orientation: good manners and behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is acknowledged by them. The person progresses to consider the approval or disapproval of other and not only after fulfilling ones own interests. The intention of self and others are considered. Stage 4: Law and Order orientation: the progress is made with regard to looking at the society at large rather than yourself and approval of others. Generally it is the orientation towards law, fixed rules and maintenance of social order. Doing ones duties while showing respect to the authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake. The conventional stage requires one to make choices from a societys perspective, considering the good of others, positive relation maintenance taking into consideration the rules of the society. Postconventional level Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: Right actions are defined in terms of an individuals rights and standards rather than those that have been examined and agreed upon by the society at large. The individual see the current rules and regulations as subordinate to the needs of the society instead of instructing them. Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principles Orientation: Right is defined by a decision of conscience in accordance with self chosen ethical principles attractive to the logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistence. Principles are abstract and ethical; universal principles of justice, reciprocity and quality of human rights with respect of human beings as individual persons. In the Postconventional level, prior to the societys perspective, personal ideals take precedence over particular societal laws. Literature review Evidence for Moral Reasoning Eysenck Personality Theory Psychologies the world over assume that behavioral consistence relies or depends primarily on the determination of ones underlying attributes to act in a particular way in a certain situation. These tendencies are mainly personal traits like impulsiveness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, dutifulness and modesty. According to Eysenck, offending is a normal and rational basing on the assumption that human beings were hedonistic, sought pleasure and avoid pain. He also identifies that criminal acts like theft, vandalism, and violence were generally pleasurable to the offenders. Eysenck also gives the reason to why all people are not criminals to be as a result of build up conscience (conditioned fear response). Nevertheless, people who commit offenses have no strong conscience build up because they have poor conditionality. To Eysenck, poor conditionality is associated with personality dimensions: Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Psychoticism (P). He defines that people with high E build up respond poorly as they have lower levels of cortical arousal. Those with high levels of N condition less well as their high resting levels of anxiety obstructs their conditioning. In addition N stimulates and anchors the existing behavioral tendencies, for instance neurotic extroverts are criminals. High P levels individuals particularly tend to be offenders; they are emotionally cold, have high hostility, inhuman with low empathy. Studies relating to Eysenck personality dimensions reported that people with high N were official offenders while those with high E levels self-reported offending. High P level was found to be related to both. The study of 400 boys in London, reported that those found with high levels of both E and N were juvenile self-reported offenders, adult official offenders and adult self-reported offenders. No juvenile official offender was reported. In addition to these, there are other factors like low family income, low intelligence, and poor parental child rearing behavior that contributed to the malice. From individual questionnaires, it was established that impulsiveness was key causing these criminal acts amongst the minors. There is a big linkage between impulsiveness and offending. Impulsive Theories Doing things without thinking is the most vital and crucial personality dimension that envisages offending. Some individuals are unable to control behavior; they are always hyper-reactive, impulsive, and unable to consider consequences before acting, sensation-seeking, risk-taking, poor ability to plan ahead and poor ability to control gratification. A study of 400 boys in London, three categories of the boys ended up offenders in their later life: a) boys nominated by teachers to be lacking concentration or exhibited restlessness, b) boys nominated by parents, peers, and teachers to be most daring or risk taking, and c) boy who were highly impulsive on psychomotor tests at ages eight to ten. In essence, daring, poor concentration, and restlessness predicted both self-reported delinquency and official convictions; daring being the independent predictor. The Pittsburgh Youth Study by Jennifer White found out that self-reported delinquency of males between ten and thirteen years were teacher rated impulsiveness, self-reported under-control, motor restlessness and psychomotor restlessness. In general, most theories suggest that impulsiveness reflects the deficiency in the executive function of the brain, located in the frontal lobe (Moffitt). Individuals with neuropsychological shortage are likely to commit crimes as they have poor moral control over their behavior. There is also an indirect connection between neuropsychological deficiency and offending whish is propagated by hyperactivity and inattention in schools thus resulting into school failures. Some related assumptions suggest that low cortical arousal produces impulsive and sensational seeking behavior. The benefits of offending include material gain, sexual gratification, and peer approval. Despite these benefits, there are diverse consequences in relation to offending or committing a crime like being caught and punished, pangs of conscience, and disapproval by onlookers. Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) describes and emphasize conscience as the key to prevent offending or crime, and that conscience is built up in asocial learning perspective regardless of parental punishment in childhood transgressions. Individual difference is also another factor according to Wilson-Herrnstein theory as it provides the extent to which peoples behavior is influenced by the immediate as opposed to delayed consequences. People vary in their ability to think about or plan for the future. Highly impulsive individuals are poorly influenced by the likelihood of the future repercussions thus they are more likely to offend or commit a crime. Evidence against Moral Reasoning From practical arguments, morality is a rational enterprise. In Moral despair and Moral discouragement we are told that if there is no source for moral, order morality will collapse; it will cease to be a sustainable enterprise. Kant for instance argues that if the highest good cannot be attained then the moral law which bids us to seek it must be fantastic and directed to imaginary ends must therefore in itself be false (Kant 1996/1962, 231; 5/114). In relation to this, if morality ends are unattainable, then there would be no obligations and duties. In general it would be demoralizing believing that there is no moral order to the universe because demoralization in itself is morally undesirable. For instance, Theism acts as a source of moral order which then implies that there is an advantage in believing that there is moral order in the universe that governs all activities and duties of human beings. For this matter there is a moral advantage of accepting theism (Adams 1987, 151). Morality demands that we become as good as we can be, this then means that if there is no source of moral order in the world then the need for us becoming as good as we can be is faced with many difficulties. And the only way these difficulties can taken or driven away is by us accepting theism. In essence we have a moral reason for driving ourselves into a situation where we can come to believe in the truth of theism. In most cases truth is demoralizing and there is no reason for one to think that it is false. People are after organizing the world so as to meet our deepest human needs. With this in mind, such a hypothesis would be null and void if existence of God who gives us a divine source of moral order. In addition Kant appeals that individuals should believe that there is God but there are also needs of reason. Drabkins take is that the moral ills that afflict or would afflict us if there were no God give us ground, not for the belief that there is a God, but for undertaking the project of becoming to believe that there is a God (Drabkin 1994:171). This is evidence enough to go against moral reasoning.   Conclusion Moral reasoning helps in establishing the real causes of criminal behaviors amongst the young individuals. Kohlbergs theory is key and funder mental in establishing the behavioral characteristics and traits of and individual through his developmental stages. For instance Kohlberg explains different stages of behavior development starting with Preconventional level, conventional level then lastly the Postconventional level. Evidence for moral reasoning are provided using two theories; Eysenck personality theory where offending is considered to be normal and pleasurable to the offenders. The theory also tells us that criminals have no strong conscience build up because of their poor conditionality. Impulsive theories explains to a great extend what causes one to offend; for example the theories explains that some individuals are unable to control their behavior, are hyperactive, impulsive and unable consequences before acting, they are sensation-seeking, apt in risk-taking, and poor ab ility to control gratification. The evidence against moral reasoning provides us with the existence of God who is the source of moral order of the universe. Morality is the key to having a good and cohesive society the world over.

China: Threat or Friend? Essay -- Economics

China: Threat or Friend? If you input â€Å"China’s GDP† by using a Google search, the first result jumps into your eyes should be a chart presented by World Bank, which indicates how dramatically the economy has grown in China from 0.10 trillion dollars in the year 1960 to 5.93 trillion in 2010. As Professor Stephen S. Roach wrote in his article ‘10 reasons why China is different’, China’s economy has made a break-through indeed due to its tremendous changes and unremitting efforts among: â€Å"strategy, commitment, wherewithal to deliver, saving, rural-urban migration, consumption, services, foreign direct investment, education and innovation. †Ã¯ ¼Ë†Stephen S. Roach ï ¼Å'10 reasons why china is different ï ¼â€°So many cases illustrated how China’s immense impacts not only in domestic but also on universe. By focusing on its worldwide influences, one evidential example in domestic was Lenovo purchased the giant IBM’s PC branch in the year 2005. With the completion of the 1.75 billion bill, which was expected to happen before the end of the second quarter, June 30, 2005, made Lenovo become a much larger company and had more than quadrupled of its annual revenue. â€Å"The company, which owned just under $3 billion in annual revenue before the acquisition, now has annual revenue of around $13 billion and is the world's third-largest PC vendor, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard.†(Sumner Lemon, IDG News) Lenovo, as an indigenous computer enterprise in mainland of China, was firstly incorporated in Hong Kong in the year 1988. It used to be a tiny computer producer and gained little influence in its market. After expanding its areas, Lenovo has become a multinational technology company as a technologic legend in China. Its products include personal computer... ...â€Å"Chindia-Threat or Opportunity† New Presence: The Prague Journal of Central European Affairs, Winter2010, Vol. 12 Issue 4, p47-50. Economist, 6/26/2004, Vol. 371 Issue 8381, p44-45. Edward, Friedman and Barrett, McCormick, What If China Doesn't Democratize?(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000). Peter Hays Gries, China's New Nationalism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004). David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations: 1989-2000 (Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 2001). Robert ,Sutter, China's Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005). Ming, Xia. â€Å"China threat or a peaceful rise of China†, The New York Times, March, 2006.Web. Wikipedia, List of Countries by GDP (nominal) per capita. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2012, International Monetary Fund. 18 April 2012.